:root {
  --ntu-red: #D71440;
  --ntu-red-dark: #7C223F;
  --ntu-blue: #0054A6;
  --ntu-blue-dark: #181C62;
  --ntu-gold: #F7C948;
  --ntu-sky: #5DA9DD;
  --oxide: #EF4B6A;
  --gold: var(--ntu-gold);
  --cyan: var(--ntu-sky);
  --ink: #181512;
  --muted: #6c625a;
  --line: rgba(24, 21, 18, 0.12);
  --paper: #f7f8fc;
  --sand: #eef3fb;
  --white: #ffffff;
  --shadow: 0 24px 80px rgba(44, 32, 24, 0.14);
  --glow: 0 28px 90px rgba(215, 20, 64, 0.16);
  --serif: "Libre Baskerville", Georgia, serif;
  --sans: "Inter", system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", sans-serif;
}

* { box-sizing: border-box; }
html { scroll-behavior: smooth; }
body {
  margin: 0;
  font-family: var(--sans);
  color: var(--ink);
  background:
    radial-gradient(circle at 8% 10%, rgba(215, 20, 64, 0.13), transparent 32rem),
    radial-gradient(circle at 88% 5%, rgba(0, 84, 166, 0.16), transparent 28rem),
    linear-gradient(180deg, #f7f8fc 0%, #ffffff 42%, #eef3fb 100%);
  line-height: 1.65;
}
img, svg { max-width: 100%; display: block; }
a { color: var(--ntu-red); text-decoration: none; }
a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }

.site-header {
  position: sticky;
  top: 0;
  z-index: 100;
  padding: 0.95rem clamp(1rem, 4vw, 3rem);
  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.92);
  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 84, 166, 0.12);
  backdrop-filter: blur(18px);
  box-shadow: 0 10px 34px rgba(24, 21, 18, 0.05);
}
.header-inner {
  width: min(1200px, 100%);
  margin-inline: auto;
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: auto minmax(0, 1fr) auto;
  align-items: center;
  gap: clamp(1rem, 2.5vw, 2rem);
}
.brand { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 0.75rem; color: var(--ink); min-width: max-content; }
.brand:hover { text-decoration: none; }
.brand-mark-img {
  width: 48px;
  height: 48px;
  border-radius: 16px;
  box-shadow: 0 14px 35px rgba(0, 84, 166, 0.18);
}
.brand-text { font-weight: 850; letter-spacing: -0.035em; font-size: clamp(1rem, 1.7vw, 1.25rem); }
.ntu-lockup { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: flex-end; }
.ntu-lockup img { width: clamp(150px, 15vw, 210px); height: auto; }
.site-nav { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; gap: clamp(0.65rem, 1.45vw, 1.1rem); }
.site-nav a { color: var(--ink); font-size: 0.88rem; font-weight: 750; }
.site-nav a:hover { color: var(--ntu-red); text-decoration: none; }
.nav-toggle { display: none; }

.section-shell {
  width: min(1200px, calc(100% - 2rem));
  margin-inline: auto;
  padding: clamp(4rem, 8vw, 7.5rem) 0;
  scroll-margin-top: 110px;
}
.hero {
  display: block;
  min-height: auto;
  padding-top: clamp(4rem, 8vw, 7rem);
  padding-bottom: clamp(3rem, 6vw, 5.5rem);
  position: relative;
  text-align: center;
}
.hero::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  inset: 8% 10% auto 10%;
  height: 360px;
  border-radius: 999px;
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, rgba(215,20,64,0.11), rgba(0,84,166,0.13), rgba(247,201,72,0.16));
  filter: blur(12px);
  z-index: -1;
}
.eyebrow {
  margin: 0 0 0.9rem;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  letter-spacing: 0.18em;
  font-size: 0.76rem;
  color: var(--ntu-red);
  font-weight: 850;
}
h1, h2, h3 { line-height: 1.12; }
h1, h2 { font-family: var(--serif); letter-spacing: -0.055em; }
h1 {
  margin: 0 auto;
  font-size: clamp(3.1rem, 8vw, 7.1rem);
  max-width: 13.5ch;
}
h2 { margin: 0; font-size: clamp(2.35rem, 5.1vw, 4.5rem); }
h3 { margin: 0 0 0.65rem; font-size: 1.22rem; }
p { margin: 0 0 1rem; }
.hero-image-card {
  width: min(820px, 100%);
  margin: clamp(2rem, 5vw, 3.5rem) auto 0;
  border-radius: 34px;
  padding: clamp(0.85rem, 2vw, 1.2rem);
  background:
    radial-gradient(circle at 12% 16%, rgba(247,201,72,0.26), transparent 14rem),
    linear-gradient(135deg, rgba(255,255,255,0.90), rgba(238,243,251,0.86));
  border: 1px solid rgba(0, 84, 166, 0.12);
  box-shadow: var(--glow);
}
.hero-image-card img {
  width: 100%;
  max-height: 520px;
  object-fit: contain;
  border-radius: 24px;
  background: #ffffff;
}
.hero-actions { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: center; gap: 0.9rem; margin-top: 2.1rem; }
.button {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  min-height: 48px;
  padding: 0.82rem 1.2rem;
  border-radius: 999px;
  font-weight: 850;
  border: 1px solid rgba(0, 84, 166, 0.22);
  box-shadow: 0 8px 28px rgba(0, 84, 166, 0.08);
}
.button.primary { background: linear-gradient(135deg, var(--ntu-red), var(--ntu-blue)); color: var(--white); }
.button.secondary { color: var(--ntu-blue); background: rgba(255,255,255,0.70); }

.intro-strip {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 0.75rem;
  padding: 1.35rem 0 3.2rem;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
}
.intro-strip span {
  border: 1px solid rgba(215,20,64,0.14);
  border-radius: 999px;
  padding: 0.58rem 0.9rem;
  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.72);
  color: var(--muted);
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  font-weight: 750;
  box-shadow: 0 8px 24px rgba(36, 33, 31, 0.04);
}

.section-heading { margin-bottom: 2.35rem; max-width: 900px; }
.section-heading.centered { margin-inline: auto; text-align: center; }
.section-note { color: var(--muted); margin-top: 1rem; }
.about-card {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 250px minmax(0, 1fr);
  gap: clamp(1.5rem, 5vw, 3.5rem);
  align-items: start;
  padding: clamp(1.35rem, 4vw, 2.7rem);
  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.76);
  border: 1px solid rgba(215,20,64,0.12);
  border-radius: 32px;
  box-shadow: var(--shadow);
  backdrop-filter: blur(12px);
}
.portrait.placeholder {
  display: grid;
  place-items: center;
  aspect-ratio: 4 / 5;
  border-radius: 26px;
  background:
    radial-gradient(circle at 35% 28%, rgba(244,184,96,0.95) 0 9px, transparent 10px),
    radial-gradient(circle at 64% 62%, rgba(93,169,221,0.86) 0 16px, transparent 17px),
    linear-gradient(140deg, var(--ntu-red), var(--ntu-blue) 58%, var(--ntu-gold));
  color: var(--white);
  font-family: var(--serif);
  font-size: 4rem;
  font-weight: 700;
}
.role { color: var(--ntu-red); font-weight: 800; margin-top: -0.25rem; }
.link-row { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 0.9rem; margin-top: 1.1rem; }
.link-row a, .contact-links a {
  display: inline-flex;
  border-bottom: 1px solid currentColor;
  font-weight: 800;
}
.team-grid, .research-grid, .teaching-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));
  gap: 1.2rem;
  margin-top: 1.35rem;
}
.person-card, .research-card, .teaching-grid article, .news-list article {
  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.78);
  border: 1px solid rgba(215,20,64,0.12);
  border-radius: 24px;
  padding: 1.25rem;
  box-shadow: 0 14px 50px rgba(44, 32, 24, 0.08);
}
.person-photo.empty {
  display: grid;
  place-items: center;
  aspect-ratio: 4 / 3;
  margin-bottom: 1.1rem;
  border-radius: 18px;
  background:
    radial-gradient(circle at 22% 30%, rgba(215,20,64,0.22) 0 26px, transparent 27px),
    radial-gradient(circle at 72% 64%, rgba(244,184,96,0.36) 0 38px, transparent 39px),
    linear-gradient(135deg, #fff, #eef3fb);
  color: var(--muted);
  font-weight: 800;
}

.alumni-section {
  margin-top: clamp(3rem, 6vw, 5rem);
}
.section-heading.compact {
  margin-bottom: 1.4rem;
}
.alumni-table-wrap {
  overflow-x: auto;
  border: 1px solid rgba(0, 84, 166, 0.14);
  border-radius: 24px;
  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.82);
  box-shadow: 0 14px 50px rgba(44, 32, 24, 0.08);
}
.alumni-table {
  width: 100%;
  border-collapse: collapse;
  min-width: 760px;
}
.alumni-table th,
.alumni-table td {
  padding: 1rem 1.1rem;
  text-align: left;
  vertical-align: top;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
}
.alumni-table thead th {
  color: var(--ntu-blue-dark);
  font-size: 0.82rem;
  font-weight: 850;
  letter-spacing: 0.08em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, rgba(0, 84, 166, 0.08), rgba(215, 20, 64, 0.06));
}
.alumni-table tbody tr:last-child td { border-bottom: 0; }
.alumni-table tbody td:first-child {
  font-weight: 850;
  color: var(--ink);
}
.alumni-table tbody tr:hover {
  background: rgba(238, 243, 251, 0.72);
}

.vision-card {
  padding: clamp(1.6rem, 4vw, 3.1rem);
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, rgba(215,20,64,0.10), rgba(244,184,96,0.20));
  border: 1px solid rgba(215,20,64,0.14);
  border-radius: 30px;
  margin-bottom: 1.3rem;
}
.large-text { font-family: var(--serif); font-size: clamp(1.05rem, 1.35vw, 1.25rem); line-height: 1.65; }
.research-card { padding: 0; overflow: hidden; }
.research-card h3, .research-card p { padding-inline: 1.3rem; }
.research-card p { padding-bottom: 1.3rem; color: var(--muted); }
.research-visual { height: 220px; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; position: relative; overflow: hidden; background: var(--sand); }
.research-visual::before, .research-visual::after { content: ""; position: absolute; border-radius: 999px; }
.visual-one::before { width: 290px; height: 290px; left: -80px; top: -45px; background: radial-gradient(circle at 40% 40%, var(--gold) 0 8px, transparent 9px), linear-gradient(135deg, var(--ntu-red), var(--ntu-blue)); opacity: 0.95; }
.visual-one::after { width: 190px; height: 190px; right: -35px; bottom: -50px; border: 28px solid #fff; }
.visual-two { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #eef3fb 25%, transparent 25%) 0 0/45px 45px, var(--sand); }
.visual-two::before { width: 230px; height: 84px; background: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--ntu-red), var(--ntu-blue)); left: 40px; top: 70px; transform: rotate(-18deg); }
.visual-two::after { width: 84px; height: 84px; background: var(--gold); right: 46px; top: 42px; }
.visual-three { background: radial-gradient(circle at 30% 30%, #fff 0 42px, transparent 43px), radial-gradient(circle at 65% 60%, #fff 0 62px, transparent 63px), var(--sand); }
.visual-three::before { width: 12px; height: 250px; background: linear-gradient(var(--ntu-red), var(--ntu-blue)); left: 50%; top: -12px; transform: rotate(34deg); }
.visual-three::after { width: 120px; height: 120px; background: rgba(24,28,98,0.78); right: 46px; bottom: 22px; }

.pub-list { padding-left: 1.25rem; }
.pub-list li {
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
  padding: 0 0 1rem 0.45rem;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
}
.pub-list li::marker { color: var(--ntu-red); font-weight: 800; }
.pub-list em { font-style: italic; }

.news-list { display: grid; gap: 1rem; }
.news-list article { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 110px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 1rem; }
.news-list time { color: var(--ntu-red); font-weight: 850; }
.news-list p { color: var(--muted); }
.two-column { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 0.75fr 1.25fr; gap: clamp(2rem, 6vw, 5rem); align-items: start; }
.text-stack > p { font-size: 1.1rem; color: var(--muted); }
.teaching-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); }
.teaching-grid article { background: rgba(255,255,255,0.7); }

.contact-section { padding-bottom: clamp(5rem, 8vw, 8rem); }
.contact-card {
  padding: clamp(2rem, 5vw, 4rem);
  background:
    radial-gradient(circle at 85% 15%, rgba(247,201,72,0.30), transparent 22rem),
    linear-gradient(135deg, var(--ntu-blue-dark), var(--ntu-red));
  color: var(--white);
  border-radius: 34px;
  box-shadow: var(--glow);
}
.contact-card .eyebrow, .contact-card a { color: var(--white); }
.contact-card p { max-width: 720px; color: rgba(255,255,255,0.84); }
.contact-links { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 1rem; margin-top: 1.5rem; }

.site-footer {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  gap: 1rem;
  padding: 2rem clamp(1rem, 4vw, 3rem);
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
  color: var(--muted);
}
.site-footer p { margin: 0; }

@media (max-width: 1080px) {
  .header-inner { grid-template-columns: 1fr; justify-items: center; text-align: center; }
  .site-nav { flex-wrap: wrap; }
  .ntu-lockup img { width: 170px; }
}

@media (max-width: 920px) {
  .about-card, .two-column { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  h1 { max-width: 12.5ch; }
  .team-grid, .research-grid, .teaching-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .portrait.placeholder { max-width: 260px; }
}

@media (max-width: 620px) {
  .section-shell { width: min(100% - 1.2rem, 1200px); }
  .hero { padding-top: 3.5rem; }
  .brand { flex-direction: column; gap: 0.45rem; }
  .site-nav { gap: 0.55rem 0.85rem; }
  .news-list article { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .site-footer { flex-direction: column; }
}

/* Multi-page navigation refinements */
.site-nav a[aria-current="page"] {
  color: var(--ntu-red);
  text-decoration: none;
}
.site-nav a[aria-current="page"]::after {
  content: "";
  display: block;
  height: 2px;
  margin-top: 0.25rem;
  border-radius: 999px;
  background: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--ntu-red), var(--ntu-blue));
}

/* Two-column news page layout */
.news-two-column {
  display: grid;
  gap: 0;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
}
.news-row {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(150px, 0.34fr) minmax(0, 1fr);
  gap: clamp(1rem, 4vw, 3rem);
  padding: 1.25rem 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
}
.news-row time {
  color: var(--ntu-red);
  font-weight: 850;
  letter-spacing: -0.02em;
}
.news-row p {
  margin: 0;
  color: var(--ink);
  font-size: clamp(1rem, 1.5vw, 1.15rem);
}

@media (max-width: 620px) {
  .news-row {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 0.35rem;
  }
}

.hero h1 {
  font-size: clamp(2.7rem, 6.2vw, 5.2rem);
  max-width: 24ch;
}

.publication-entry {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 160px minmax(0, 1fr);
  gap: 1.25rem;
  align-items: start;
  list-style: none;
  margin-left: 0;
}
.pub-list {
  padding-left: 0;
  list-style: none;
}
.pub-list li {
  padding-left: 0;
}
.pub-list li::marker { content: ""; }
.publication-image {
  width: 100%;
  aspect-ratio: 4 / 3;
  border-radius: 18px;
  object-fit: contain;
  object-position: center;
  display: block;
  border: 1px solid rgba(0, 84, 166, 0.14);
  background: #ffffff;
}
.publication-image.placeholder {
  display: grid;
  place-items: center;
  min-height: 112px;
  background:
    radial-gradient(circle at 25% 32%, rgba(215,20,64,0.22) 0 22px, transparent 23px),
    radial-gradient(circle at 76% 68%, rgba(247,201,72,0.34) 0 32px, transparent 33px),
    linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff, #eef3fb);
  color: var(--muted);
  font-weight: 850;
  font-size: 0.9rem;
}
.publication-citation {
  min-width: 0;
}

.gallery-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));
  gap: 1.25rem;
}
.gallery-card {
  margin: 0;
  overflow: hidden;
  border-radius: 24px;
  border: 1px solid rgba(0, 84, 166, 0.14);
  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.78);
  box-shadow: 0 14px 50px rgba(44, 32, 24, 0.08);
}
.gallery-card img {
  width: 100%;
  aspect-ratio: 4 / 3;
  object-fit: contain;
  object-position: center;
  display: block;
  background: #ffffff;
}
.gallery-card.placeholder > div {
  display: grid;
  place-items: center;
  aspect-ratio: 4 / 3;
  background:
    radial-gradient(circle at 24% 30%, rgba(215,20,64,0.22) 0 28px, transparent 29px),
    radial-gradient(circle at 72% 65%, rgba(93,169,221,0.28) 0 42px, transparent 43px),
    linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff, #eef3fb);
  color: var(--muted);
  font-weight: 850;
}
.gallery-card figcaption {
  padding: 0.9rem 1rem 1rem;
  color: var(--muted);
  font-size: 0.95rem;
}

@media (max-width: 920px) {
  .publication-entry {
    grid-template-columns: 120px minmax(0, 1fr);
  }
  .gallery-grid {
    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
  }
}

@media (max-width: 620px) {
  .hero h1 {
    font-size: clamp(2.25rem, 11vw, 3.2rem);
    max-width: 16ch;
  }
  .publication-entry {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }
  .publication-image,
  .publication-image.placeholder {
    max-width: 260px;
  }
  .gallery-grid {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }
}

.last-update {
  color: var(--muted);
  font-size: 0.95rem;
}

.publication-entry {
  grid-template-columns: 320px minmax(0, 1fr);
  gap: 1.75rem;
}
.publication-image.placeholder {
  min-height: 240px;
  font-size: 1rem;
}

.news-row {
  grid-template-columns: minmax(72px, 0.16fr) minmax(120px, 170px) minmax(0, 1fr);
  align-items: start;
  gap: clamp(0.85rem, 2.5vw, 2rem);
}
.news-image {
  width: 100%;
  aspect-ratio: 4 / 3;
  border-radius: 16px;
  border: 1px solid rgba(0, 84, 166, 0.14);
  object-fit: contain;
  object-position: center;
  display: block;
  background: #ffffff;
}
.news-image.placeholder {
  display: grid;
  place-items: center;
  background:
    radial-gradient(circle at 24% 30%, rgba(215,20,64,0.18) 0 18px, transparent 19px),
    radial-gradient(circle at 72% 65%, rgba(93,169,221,0.24) 0 28px, transparent 29px),
    linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff, #eef3fb);
  color: var(--muted);
  font-size: 0.82rem;
  font-weight: 850;
}

.join-style-contact {
  padding-bottom: clamp(5rem, 8vw, 8rem);
}
.join-hero-card {
  padding: clamp(2rem, 5vw, 4rem);
  border-radius: 34px;
  color: var(--white);
  background:
    linear-gradient(135deg, rgba(0, 84, 166, 0.96), rgba(215, 20, 64, 0.92)),
    radial-gradient(circle at 80% 20%, rgba(247, 201, 72, 0.42), transparent 34%);
  box-shadow: 0 26px 80px rgba(0, 84, 166, 0.20);
}
.join-hero-card h2 {
  margin: 0 0 1rem;
  max-width: 880px;
  font-size: clamp(1.8rem, 3.4vw, 3.1rem);
  line-height: 1.06;
  letter-spacing: -0.055em;
}
.join-hero-card p {
  max-width: 820px;
  color: rgba(255,255,255,0.86);
  font-size: clamp(1.05rem, 2vw, 1.25rem);
}
.join-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
  gap: 1.25rem;
  margin-top: 1.5rem;
}
.join-card, .office-card {
  padding: clamp(1.35rem, 3vw, 2rem);
  border: 1px solid rgba(0, 84, 166, 0.13);
  border-radius: 26px;
  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.84);
  box-shadow: 0 14px 45px rgba(44, 32, 24, 0.07);
}
.join-card h3, .office-card h3 {
  margin-top: 0;
  font-size: 1.25rem;
}
.join-card p, .office-card p {
  color: var(--muted);
}
.office-card {
  margin-top: 1.25rem;
}
.dark-links a {
  color: var(--ntu-blue);
  background: rgba(0, 84, 166, 0.08);
  border-color: rgba(0, 84, 166, 0.16);
}
.dark-links a:hover {
  background: var(--ntu-blue);
  color: var(--white);
}

@media (max-width: 920px) {
  .publication-entry {
    grid-template-columns: 220px minmax(0, 1fr);
  }
  .publication-image.placeholder {
    min-height: 165px;
  }
  .news-row {
    grid-template-columns: minmax(72px, 0.2fr) minmax(110px, 150px) minmax(0, 1fr);
  }
  .join-grid {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 620px) {
  .publication-entry,
  .news-row {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }
  .publication-image,
  .publication-image.placeholder {
    max-width: none;
    min-height: 210px;
  }
  .news-image {
    max-width: 280px;
  }
}

/* Teaching page: standardized with other sub-pages */
.teaching-page {
  padding-top: clamp(4rem, 8vw, 7.5rem);
}

.course-list {
  width: min(980px, 100%);
  margin: 0 auto;
  display: grid;
  gap: 2.25rem;
}

.course-block {
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
  padding-top: 1.8rem;
}

.course-block:first-child {
  border-top: 0;
  padding-top: 0;
}

.course-block h3 {
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: clamp(1.05rem, 1.8vw, 1.35rem);
  line-height: 1.25;
  letter-spacing: 0.02em;
  margin: 0 0 0.55rem;
  color: var(--ntu-blue);
}

.course-block h4 {
  font-family: var(--serif);
  font-size: clamp(1.45rem, 2.4vw, 2.15rem);
  line-height: 1.2;
  margin: 0 0 1rem;
  color: var(--ink);
}

.course-block p {
  max-width: 820px;
  color: var(--muted);
  font-size: 1rem;
  line-height: 1.75;
  margin: 0.55rem 0 0;
}

.secondary-role {
  color: var(--muted);
  margin-top: -0.75rem;
}

.email-line {
  margin: 0.35rem 0 0.8rem;
  font-weight: 700;
}

.email-line a {
  color: var(--ntu-blue);
  text-decoration: none;
}

.email-line a:hover {
  color: var(--ntu-red);
}

.about-bio {
  margin-top: 1.45rem;
  max-width: 920px;
}

.about-bio p {
  color: var(--text);
  line-height: 1.75;
  margin: 0 0 1rem;
}

.office-contact-layout {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 0.85fr) minmax(320px, 1.15fr);
  gap: 1.25rem;
  align-items: stretch;
}

.office-address {
  color: var(--muted);
  margin-bottom: 1.25rem;
}

.map-embed {
  min-height: 320px;
  border: 1px solid rgba(0, 84, 166, 0.14);
  border-radius: 22px;
  overflow: hidden;
  background: #eef3fb;
}

.map-embed iframe {
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  min-height: 320px;
  border: 0;
  display: block;
}

@media (max-width: 920px) {
  .office-contact-layout {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }
}

.news-row {
  grid-template-columns: minmax(72px, 0.16fr) minmax(180px, 255px) minmax(0, 1fr);
}
.news-image {
  aspect-ratio: 1 / 1;
}
@media (max-width: 920px) {
  .news-row {
    grid-template-columns: minmax(72px, 0.2fr) minmax(165px, 225px) minmax(0, 1fr);
  }
}
@media (max-width: 620px) {
  .news-image {
    max-width: 320px;
  }
}

/* Logo options preview page */
.logo-options-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));
  gap: 1.25rem;
  margin-top: 2rem;
}
.logo-option-card {
  padding: 1.5rem;
  border: 1px solid rgba(0, 84, 166, 0.13);
  border-radius: 26px;
  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.84);
  box-shadow: 0 14px 45px rgba(44, 32, 24, 0.07);
}
.logo-option-card img {
  width: 96px;
  height: 96px;
  display: block;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
}
.logo-option-card h3 {
  margin: 0 0 0.4rem;
}
.logo-option-card p {
  margin: 0;
  color: var(--muted);
}
@media (max-width: 920px) {
  .logo-options-grid {
    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
  }
}
@media (max-width: 620px) {
  .logo-options-grid {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }
}

.secondary-role {
  color: var(--ntu-red);
}

.research-page-title {
  font-size: clamp(1.95rem, 3.6vw, 3.35rem);
  max-width: 980px;
  margin-inline: auto;
}

.pub-list {
  counter-reset: publication-counter 22;
}
.publication-entry {
  grid-template-columns: 3.2rem 320px minmax(0, 1fr);
}
.publication-entry::before {
  counter-increment: publication-counter -1;
  content: counter(publication-counter) ".";
  color: var(--ntu-red);
  font-weight: 850;
  font-size: 1.05rem;
  line-height: 1.45;
  padding-top: 0.15rem;
}

@media (max-width: 920px) {
  .publication-entry {
    grid-template-columns: 3rem 120px minmax(0, 1fr);
  }
}
@media (max-width: 620px) {
  .publication-entry {
    grid-template-columns: 2.75rem minmax(0, 1fr);
  }
  .publication-entry::before {
    grid-column: 1;
    grid-row: 1;
  }
  .publication-image,
  .publication-image.placeholder {
    grid-column: 2;
    max-width: 260px;
  }
  .publication-citation {
    grid-column: 2;
  }
}

.hero-image-card img {
  height: min(56vw, 520px);
  object-fit: cover;
  object-position: center;
}

.research-keywords-heading {
  margin-top: clamp(1.5rem, 3vw, 2.5rem);
  margin-bottom: clamp(1.5rem, 3vw, 2.5rem);
}
.research-page-title {
  font-size: clamp(1.75rem, 3vw, 2.85rem);
  max-width: 1040px;
}
.selected-references {
  margin-top: 1.2rem;
  padding-top: 1rem;
  border-top: 1px solid rgba(0, 84, 166, 0.14);
}
.selected-references h4 {
  margin: 0 0 0.35rem;
  font-size: 0.78rem;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
  color: var(--ntu-red);
}
.selected-references p {
  margin: 0;
  font-size: 0.92rem;
}

.publication-entry {
  grid-template-columns: 320px minmax(0, 1fr) !important;
  counter-increment: publication-counter -1;
}
.publication-entry::before {
  content: none !important;
  display: none !important;
}
.publication-citation {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 3.2rem minmax(0, 1fr);
  column-gap: 0.45rem;
}
.publication-citation::before {
  content: counter(publication-counter) ".";
  color: var(--ntu-red);
  font-weight: 850;
  font-size: 1.05rem;
  line-height: 1.45;
}

.join-hero-card h2,
.join-hero-card p {
  max-width: none;
}
.join-hero-card p {
  margin-right: 0;
}

@media (max-width: 920px) {
  .publication-entry {
    grid-template-columns: 160px minmax(0, 1fr) !important;
  }
}
@media (max-width: 620px) {
  .publication-entry {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr !important;
  }
  .publication-citation {
    grid-template-columns: 2.75rem minmax(0, 1fr);
  }
}


.research-page-title {
  font-size: clamp(1.45rem, 2.35vw, 2.25rem);
  max-width: 1080px;
  line-height: 1.12;
}
.publication-entry {
  grid-template-columns: 3.2rem 320px minmax(0, 1fr) !important;
  counter-increment: publication-counter -1;
}
.publication-entry::before {
  content: counter(publication-counter) "." !important;
  display: block !important;
  color: var(--ntu-red);
  font-weight: 850;
  font-size: 1.05rem;
  line-height: 1.45;
  padding-top: 0.15rem;
}
.publication-citation {
  display: block;
}
.publication-citation::before {
  content: none !important;
  display: none !important;
}
@media (max-width: 920px) {
  .publication-entry { grid-template-columns: 3rem 160px minmax(0, 1fr) !important; }
}
@media (max-width: 620px) {
  .publication-entry { grid-template-columns: 2.75rem minmax(0, 1fr) !important; }
  .publication-entry::before { grid-column: 1; grid-row: 1; }
  .publication-image, .publication-image.placeholder { grid-column: 2; max-width: 260px; }
  .publication-citation { grid-column: 2; }
}

.research-page-title {
  font-size: clamp(1.25rem, 1.85vw, 1.95rem);
  max-width: 980px;
  line-height: 1.18;
}
.publication-entry::before {
  counter-increment: none !important;
}
.office-card + .join-hero-card {
  margin-top: 1.5rem;
}


.site-header {
  padding: 0.55rem clamp(1rem, 4vw, 2.6rem);
}
.header-inner {
  gap: clamp(0.75rem, 2vw, 1.45rem);
}
.brand {
  gap: 0.58rem;
}
.brand-mark-img {
  width: 40px;
  height: 40px;
  border-radius: 13px;
  box-shadow: 0 10px 26px rgba(0, 84, 166, 0.13);
}
.brand-text {
  font-size: clamp(0.95rem, 1.45vw, 1.12rem);
}
.ntu-lockup img {
  width: clamp(128px, 13vw, 180px);
}
.site-nav {
  gap: clamp(0.55rem, 1.15vw, 0.95rem);
}
.site-nav a {
  font-size: 0.84rem;
}
.teaching-page .section-heading .section-note {
  display: none;
}
:root {
  --card-border: rgba(0, 84, 166, 0.11);
  --card-shadow-soft: 0 10px 32px rgba(44, 32, 24, 0.055);
}
.about-card,
.person-card,
.research-card,
.teaching-grid article,
.news-list article,
.alumni-table-wrap,
.vision-card,
.gallery-card,
.join-card,
.office-card,
.contact-card,
.join-hero-card,
.logo-option-card {
  border-color: var(--card-border);
  box-shadow: var(--card-shadow-soft);
}
.person-card,
.research-card,
.news-list article,
.gallery-card,
.join-card,
.office-card,
.logo-option-card {
  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.82);
}
.research-card,
.gallery-card,
.join-card,
.office-card,
.person-card {
  border-radius: 22px;
}
.publication-image,
.news-image,
.map-embed {
  border-color: var(--card-border);
}
.course-block {
  border-top-color: rgba(0, 84, 166, 0.10);
}
@media (max-width: 1080px) {
  .site-header {
    padding-block: 0.7rem;
  }
  .brand-mark-img {
    width: 38px;
    height: 38px;
  }
}

.portrait-image {
  width: 100%;
  aspect-ratio: 4 / 5;
  border-radius: 26px;
  object-fit: cover;
  object-position: center;
  display: block;
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  background: #ffffff;
}
.person-photo {
  width: 100%;
  aspect-ratio: 4 / 3;
  margin-bottom: 1.1rem;
  border-radius: 18px;
  object-fit: cover;
  object-position: center;
  display: block;
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  background: #ffffff;
}
img.research-visual {
  width: 100%;
  height: 220px;
  margin-bottom: 1.25rem;
  border-radius: 18px;
  object-fit: cover;
  object-position: center;
  display: block;
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  background: #ffffff;
}


.hero h1 {
  font-size: clamp(2.55rem, 6.1vw, 5.45rem);
  max-width: 18ch;
}

img.research-visual {
  height: 220px;
  object-fit: contain;
  object-position: center;
  background: #ffffff;
}

.person-photo {
  aspect-ratio: 1 / 1;
  object-fit: contain;
  object-position: center;
  background: #ffffff;
}

@media (max-width: 720px) {
  .hero h1 {
    font-size: clamp(2.15rem, 12vw, 3.5rem);
    max-width: 12ch;
  }
}

.publication-image,
.publication-image.placeholder {
  aspect-ratio: 8.25 / 4.45 !important;
}

.brand-logo-link {
  gap: 0;
  min-width: auto;
}
.brand-logo-img {
  display: block;
  width: clamp(150px, 15vw, 215px);
  height: auto;
  max-height: 58px;
  object-fit: contain;
}
@media (max-width: 920px) {
  .brand-logo-img {
    width: clamp(135px, 32vw, 190px);
    max-height: 52px;
  }
}

.header-inner {
  gap: clamp(0.38rem, 1vw, 0.72rem);
}
.site-nav {
  gap: clamp(0.55rem, 1.05vw, 0.9rem);
}
.site-nav a {
  font-size: clamp(0.92rem, 0.95vw, 1rem);
}
.brand-logo-img {
  width: clamp(190px, 18vw, 285px);
}
.ntu-lockup img {
  width: clamp(128px, 12vw, 176px);
}


.hero-launch-note {
  max-width: 1120px;
  margin: 1.25rem auto 0;
  color: var(--muted);
  font-size: clamp(1.0rem, 1.35vw, 1.2rem);
  line-height: 1.45;
  font-weight: 500;
}
.hero-launch-note a {
  color: var(--ntu-red);
  font-weight: 800;
  border-bottom: 1px solid currentColor;
}
.pub-list,
.pub-list.reversed {
  list-style: none !important;
  counter-reset: none !important;
}
.publication-entry {
  grid-template-columns: 320px minmax(0, 1fr) !important;
  counter-increment: none !important;
}
.publication-entry::before,
.publication-citation::before {
  content: none !important;
  display: none !important;
}
@media (max-width: 920px) {
  .publication-entry { grid-template-columns: 160px minmax(0, 1fr) !important; }
}
@media (max-width: 620px) {
  .publication-entry { grid-template-columns: 1fr !important; }
  .publication-image, .publication-image.placeholder, .publication-citation { grid-column: auto !important; }
}


.header-inner {
  grid-template-columns: auto minmax(0, 1fr) auto;
  gap: clamp(0.18rem, 0.55vw, 0.42rem) !important;
}
.brand-logo-img,
.ntu-lockup img {
  height: 1.75cm !important;
  width: auto !important;
  max-height: none !important;
  object-fit: contain;
}
.site-nav {
  justify-self: center;
  justify-content: center;
}
@media (max-width: 1080px) {
  .brand-logo-img,
  .ntu-lockup img {
    height: 1.35cm !important;
  }
}
@media (max-width: 720px) {
  .brand-logo-img,
  .ntu-lockup img {
    height: 1.15cm !important;
  }
}

.header-inner {
  grid-template-columns: auto minmax(0, 1fr) auto;
  gap: clamp(0.09rem, 0.28vw, 0.21rem) !important;
}
.brand-logo-img,
.ntu-lockup img {
  height: 3.5cm !important;
  width: auto !important;
  max-height: none !important;
  object-fit: contain;
}
.site-nav {
  justify-self: center;
  justify-content: center;
}
@media (max-width: 1080px) {
  .brand-logo-img,
  .ntu-lockup img {
    height: 2.5cm !important;
  }
}
@media (max-width: 720px) {
  .brand-logo-img,
  .ntu-lockup img {
    height: 1.45cm !important;
  }
}


.news-row.no-image {
  grid-template-columns: minmax(72px, 0.16fr) minmax(0, 1fr);
}
.news-row.no-image p {
  grid-column: 2;
}
@media (max-width: 920px) {
  .news-row.no-image {
    grid-template-columns: minmax(72px, 0.2fr) minmax(0, 1fr);
  }
}
@media (max-width: 620px) {
  .news-row.no-image {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }
  .news-row.no-image p {
    grid-column: auto;
  }
}

.news-row.no-image {
  grid-template-columns: minmax(72px, 0.16fr) minmax(0, 1fr);
}
.news-row.no-image p {
  grid-column: 2;
  margin-left: 0;
}
@media (max-width: 920px) {
  .news-row.no-image {
    grid-template-columns: minmax(72px, 0.2fr) minmax(0, 1fr);
  }
}
@media (max-width: 620px) {
  .news-row.no-image {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }
  .news-row.no-image p {
    grid-column: auto;
  }
}

.section-heading h1 {
  margin: 0;
  font-size: clamp(2.35rem, 5.1vw, 4.5rem);
  max-width: none;
}
.about-card h2,
.research-card h2 {
  margin: 0 0 0.65rem;
  font-family: var(--sans);
  letter-spacing: normal;
  font-size: 1.22rem;
  line-height: 1.12;
}
.research-card h2 { padding-inline: 1.3rem; }
.sr-only {
  position: absolute;
  width: 1px;
  height: 1px;
  padding: 0;
  margin: -1px;
  overflow: hidden;
  clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
  white-space: nowrap;
  border: 0;
}


.site-header {
  padding-top: 0.22rem !important;
  padding-bottom: 0.22rem !important;
}
.header-inner {
  width: min(1120px, 100%) !important;
}
.hero-launch-note {
  max-width: 1160px;
}
.publications-heading {
  max-width: 100% !important;
}


/* Alumni table column widths: balanced for populated alumni entries. */
.alumni-table { table-layout: fixed; }
.alumni-col-name { width: 22%; }
.alumni-col-position { width: 21%; }
.alumni-col-years { width: 12%; }
.alumni-col-next { width: 45%; }


.news-year-tabs {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 0.65rem;
  margin: 0 0 1.4rem;
}
.news-year-tab {
  appearance: none;
  border: 1px solid rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.14);
  background: #fff;
  color: var(--text);
  border-radius: 999px;
  padding: 0.55rem 1.05rem;
  font: inherit;
  font-weight: 700;
  line-height: 1;
  cursor: pointer;
  box-shadow: 0 6px 14px rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.05);
  transition: background 0.2s ease, color 0.2s ease, border-color 0.2s ease, transform 0.2s ease;
}
.news-year-tab:hover {
  transform: translateY(-1px);
  border-color: rgba(181, 18, 27, 0.35);
}
.news-year-tab.active {
  background: var(--ntu-red);
  border-color: var(--ntu-red);
  color: #fff;
}
.news-row[hidden] {
  display: none !important;
}
@media (max-width: 720px) {
  .news-year-tabs {
    gap: 0.5rem;
  }
  .news-year-tab {
    padding: 0.5rem 0.85rem;
  }
}


.publication-year-tabs {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 0.5rem;
  margin-top: 1rem;
  width: 100%;
}
.publication-year-tab {
  border: 1px solid rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.14);
  background: #fff;
  color: var(--ink);
  border-radius: 999px;
  padding: 0.45rem 0.9rem;
  font: inherit;
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  cursor: pointer;
  box-shadow: 0 8px 18px rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.05);
  transition: transform 0.15s ease, border-color 0.15s ease, background 0.15s ease, color 0.15s ease;
}
.publication-year-tab:hover {
  transform: translateY(-1px);
  border-color: var(--ntu-red);
}
.publication-year-tab.active {
  background: var(--ntu-red);
  color: #fff;
  border-color: var(--ntu-red);
}
.publication-entry[hidden] {
  display: none !important;
}
@media (max-width: 720px) {
  .publication-year-tabs { gap: 0.4rem; }
  .publication-year-tab { padding: 0.4rem 0.75rem; font-size: 0.84rem; }
}

/* Research page: neatly formatted key references inside research cards */
.key-references {
  margin: 1.2rem 1.3rem 1.35rem;
  padding-top: 1rem;
  border-top: 1px solid rgba(0, 84, 166, 0.14);
  color: var(--muted);
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  line-height: 1.55;
}

.key-references h3 {
  margin: 0 0 0.55rem;
  font-family: var(--sans);
  font-size: 0.82rem;
  line-height: 1.2;
  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--ntu-red);
}

.key-references ol {
  margin: 0;
  padding-left: 1.15rem;
}

.key-references li {
  margin: 0 0 0.55rem;
  padding-left: 0.15rem;
}

.key-references li:last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}

/* Aesthetic refresh: consolidated card styling and subtle catalysis texture */
:root {
  --card-border: rgba(15, 42, 67, 0.10);
  --card-shadow-soft: 0 10px 28px rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.055);
  --card-shadow-hover: 0 18px 42px rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.095);
  --card-radius: 22px;
  --soft-surface: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.88);
}

body {
  background:
    radial-gradient(circle at 12% 8%, rgba(215, 20, 64, 0.075), transparent 28rem),
    radial-gradient(circle at 86% 18%, rgba(0, 84, 166, 0.075), transparent 30rem),
    linear-gradient(rgba(248, 250, 252, 0.965), rgba(248, 250, 252, 0.965)),
    url("assets/images/subtle-catalyst-pattern.svg"),
    #f8fafc;
  background-size: auto, auto, auto, 480px 480px, auto;
  background-attachment: scroll, scroll, scroll, fixed, scroll;
}

.section-shell,
.hero,
main > section {
  position: relative;
}

.section-shell::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  inset: 1.5rem -1rem auto auto;
  width: min(360px, 42vw);
  height: min(360px, 42vw);
  pointer-events: none;
  background: url("assets/images/subtle-catalyst-pattern.svg") center / contain no-repeat;
  opacity: 0.055;
  z-index: -1;
}

.about-card,
.person-card,
.research-card,
.teaching-grid article,
.news-list article,
.alumni-table-wrap,
.vision-card,
.gallery-card,
.join-card,
.office-card,
.contact-card,
.join-hero-card,
.logo-option-card,
.publication-entry {
  background: var(--soft-surface);
  border: 1px solid var(--card-border);
  border-radius: var(--card-radius);
  box-shadow: var(--card-shadow-soft);
  backdrop-filter: blur(10px);
}

.person-card,
.research-card,
.teaching-grid article,
.news-list article,
.gallery-card,
.join-card,
.office-card,
.logo-option-card,
.publication-entry {
  transition: transform 0.18s ease, box-shadow 0.18s ease, border-color 0.18s ease;
}

.person-card:hover,
.research-card:hover,
.teaching-grid article:hover,
.news-list article:hover,
.gallery-card:hover,
.join-card:hover,
.office-card:hover,
.logo-option-card:hover,
.publication-entry:hover {
  transform: translateY(-3px);
  border-color: rgba(0, 84, 166, 0.18);
  box-shadow: var(--card-shadow-hover);
}

.research-card {
  overflow: hidden;
}

.news-list article,
.publication-entry {
  padding: 1.2rem;
}

.publication-entry {
  align-items: center;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
}

.publication-image,
.news-image,
.map-embed,
.portrait-image,
.person-photo,
img.research-visual {
  border-color: var(--card-border);
  box-shadow: none;
}

.intro-strip span,
.button,
.publication-year-tab,
.news-year-tab {
  box-shadow: 0 6px 18px rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.045);
}

.contact-card,
.join-hero-card {
  background:
    linear-gradient(135deg, rgba(215, 20, 64, 0.94), rgba(0, 84, 166, 0.92)),
    url("assets/images/subtle-catalyst-pattern.svg");
  background-size: auto, 420px 420px;
  background-blend-mode: normal, soft-light;
}

@media (max-width: 720px) {
  body { background-attachment: scroll; }
  .section-shell::before { display: none; }
  .news-list article,
  .publication-entry { padding: 1rem; }
}